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However, over the past 50 years, dietary variety has declined

7,8 Moreover, eating a healthy diet, such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) or Mediterranean diet, and lowering the intake of sodium, phosphorus and sometimes protein may help protect kidney function

Betaine is utilised in most tissues as an osmoproctectant in addition to its primary role as a methyl group donor in liver metabolism (reviewed by Zhao et al, 2018)

2.3 Bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) isolation and culture BMDMs were derived from the bone marrow, which was isolated from male C57Bl/6 mice and cultured in DMEM (HyClone) supplemented with 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Invitrogen), 10 ng/mL M-CSF (Peprotech) and 10% FBS (Invitrogen)