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Main body Luteolin exerts its effects by modulating key signaling pathways, including transforming growth factor-beta/small mothers against decapentaplegic (TGF-/SMAD), phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), nuclear factor erythroid 2related factor 2 (NRF2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), thereby reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis

Kefir peptides (KPs) intervene at multiple mechanistic levels: they reduce macrophage accumulation in plaques, suppress IL-1 and TNF- production, and diminish endothelial activation, as evidenced by decreased VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression both at the mRNA and protein levels

Here's everything you need to know about the procedure, from how it works to what to expect afterwards

doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007411.pub4