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FIGURE 8 Statements Data availability statement The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories

In vitro, TUG469 reduced 6-OHDA (6-hydroxydopamine)-induced neurotoxicity, whereas in a 6-OHDA-induced mouse model of PD, TUG469 improved motor deficits, preserved both dopaminergic fibres in the striatum and SN and reduced microgliosis and astrogliosis [66]

Similarly, Munshi et al

Citicoline as Cognizin Choline source that raises levels of brain-building phosphatidylcholine (PC) Promotes brain chemical acetylcholine for mood and mental performance in healthy individuals Shown to support mitochondria and help increase brain energy by 13.6% Shown to help boost brain cell membrane regeneration by 26% Promotes mood balance, memory, attention, focus and concentration Helps to protect the brain against age-related structural changes Phosphatidylserine (PS) as Sharp PS Green Building-block nootropic with versatile brain-supportive bioactivities Found in brain cell membranes, where it helps maintain fluidity Regulates brain chemicals like acetylcholine and dopamine Optimizes brain energy metabolism by enhancing glucose uptake Helps raw materials and growth factors for brain cell creation and repair Best evidence-backed nootropic for short-term and long-term memory May sharpen memory, slow cognitive decline and promote mood in elderly Has been shown to help curb the effects of stress and anxiety Studied as a sports nutrition supplement for focus Suggested to help with mood and overall mental clarity Supports long-range brain health A systematic review of studies on Phosphatidylserine has confirmed its benefits for cognitive health