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Nanocarriers come in diverse compositions, topographies, and shapes, with nanostructures like erythrocytes, liposomes, nanoparticles, virosomes, and extracellular vesicles emerging as critical platforms for coupling with macromolecules for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes [69,184,185,186,187]

M1 macrophages are characterized by high inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, whereas M2 macrophages express molecules such as arginase-1 (Arg1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) and participate in tissue repair ( in vivo do not exist as fixed binary states, but rather display a continuum of functions shaped jointly by microenvironmental signals, metabolic reprogramming, and epigenetic regulation ( In recent years, studies of immunometabolism have gradually revealed the important role of metabolic reprogramming in regulating immune cell function

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This is particularly true in Eucalyptus grandis , a species in which there are two gene clusters, one having a series of four genes in a row