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Smoking is the primary cause of the 15-25 years mortality gap between users of mental health services and the general population, said one of the papers authors, Riccardo Polosa, professor of Internal Medicine at the University of Catania (Italy)

Public Health Implications The combination of alcohol and tobacco consumption significantly increases the risk of developing liver diseases, cardiovascular issues, and various types of cancer

Understanding the Synergistic Effect Instead of canceling each other out, alcohol and stimulants create whats known as a synergistic effect

However, among those cases where comorbidities were identified, the most common were psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and ADHD