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It is believed that low CD38 expression is enough to initiate the intracellular signaling pathways since other receptors, such as NKG2D on KHYG1 cells, can compensate for the lack of CD38-mediated effector functions [63]

While these peptides are still under investigation, their ability to support recovery after injury, enhance physical conditioning, and possibly improve immune response has made them a topic of interest for athletes and health enthusiasts alike

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More importantly, clinical research data have not observed that DPP1 inhibitor treatment significantly increases serious infection risks, supporting the conclusion that DPP1 inhibition has relatively limited impact on host defense functions within therapeutic dose ranges (Zhong et al., 2025