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Scientifically speaking, howand whydoes the practice work

In the context of a multivariate regression, each estimate is interpreted as the change in that variable with all other variables in the model held constant : i.e., the odds ratio for EC use should reflect the effect of exclusive EC use regardless of whether a participant never, formerly, or currently smoked (provided that all model assumptions are met)

For example, a wasp nest might be located near a window with a damaged screen or a door that is left open to the outside

It also provides criteria to judge the risk of bias by selecting a judgment of unclear risk, high risk and low risk of bias per individual domain 14